Experiments incorporating training | Those with training primary | Sector programs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | |
Setting | |||||||||
Randomization year | 1998 | 12 | 146 | 1998 | 13 | 78 | 2007 | 10 | 17 |
South (%) | 18 | 38 | 146 | 18 | 39 | 78 | 29 | 47 | 17 |
Northeast (%) | 19 | 40 | 146 | 19 | 40 | 78 | 24 | 44 | 17 |
Midwest (%) | 22 | 42 | 146 | 17 | 38 | 78 | 12 | 33 | 17 |
West (%) | 23 | 42 | 146 | 17 | 38 | 78 | 12 | 33 | 17 |
Urban (%) | 90 | 30 | 146 | 97 | 16 | 78 | 100 | 0 | 17 |
Rural (%) | 8 | 26 | 146 | 3 | 16 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Unemp. at randomization (%) | 6.4 | 1.3 | 146 | 6.5 | 1.3 | 78 | 5.9 | 1.6 | 17 |
Target population | |||||||||
Welfare or low-income adults (%) | 62 | 49 | 146 | 54 | 50 | 78 | 71 | 47 | 17 |
Noncustodial parents (%) | 3 | 18 | 146 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Substance abuse (%) | 1 | 12 | 146 | 3 | 16 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Justice-involved (%) | 6 | 24 | 146 | 1 | 11 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Dislocated workers (%) | 3 | 16 | 146 | 4 | 19 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Youth (%) | 23 | 42 | 146 | 36 | 48 | 78 | 29 | 47 | 17 |
Disability (%) | 1 | 12 | 146 | 3 | 16 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Demographics | |||||||||
Male (%) | 37 | 34 | 135 | 40 | 31 | 78 | 51 | 25 | 17 |
Mean age | 29 | 7 | 113 | 28 | 8 | 59 | 31 | 7 | 14 |
Black (%) | 47 | 27 | 132 | 47 | 29 | 75 | 52 | 30 | 17 |
Hispanic (%) | 26 | 25 | 117 | 28 | 26 | 70 | 37 | 30 | 14 |
No high school diploma (%) | 44 | 30 | 117 | 46 | 38 | 65 | 23 | 33 | 14 |
Treatment | |||||||||
Classroom training (%) | 77 | 42 | 146 | 90 | 31 | 78 | 100 | 0 | 17 |
On-the-job training (%) | 39 | 49 | 146 | 29 | 46 | 78 | 24 | 44 | 17 |
Job search assistance (%) | 83 | 38 | 146 | 85 | 36 | 78 | 76 | 44 | 17 |
Mandatory (%) | 28 | 45 | 146 | 12 | 32 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Treatment duration (months) | 5.4 | 2.7 | 86 | 5.8 | 2.9 | 61 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 16 |
Cost per treated (2025 $) | 11,402 | 8,629 | 98 | 13,598 | 9,359 | 52 | 11,602 | 8,701 | 11 |
Scaled (%) | 7 | 25 | 146 | 10 | 31 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Employer engagement | |||||||||
Sector program (%) | 12 | 32 | 146 | 22 | 42 | 78 | 100 | 0 | 17 |
Curricula adapted for employers (%) | 18 | 38 | 145 | 33 | 47 | 78 | 94 | 24 | 17 |
Job development/placement (%) | 31 | 46 | 145 | 40 | 49 | 78 | 82 | 39 | 17 |
Employer input on curriculum (%) | 19 | 39 | 145 | 35 | 48 | 78 | 100 | 0 | 17 |
Employer commits to hiring (%) | 3 | 18 | 145 | 5 | 22 | 78 | 12 | 33 | 17 |
Administration | |||||||||
Funding: public (%) | 77 | 42 | 146 | 64 | 48 | 78 | 29 | 47 | 17 |
Funding: public & private (%) | 19 | 40 | 146 | 31 | 46 | 78 | 65 | 49 | 17 |
Funding: private (%) | 3 | 18 | 146 | 5 | 22 | 78 | 6 | 24 | 17 |
Admin: public (%) | 45 | 50 | 146 | 40 | 49 | 78 | 18 | 39 | 17 |
Admin: public & private (%) | 18 | 38 | 146 | 15 | 36 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Admin: private (%) | 37 | 48 | 146 | 45 | 50 | 78 | 82 | 39 | 17 |
Study characteristics | |||||||||
Sample size | 2,948 | 6,738 | 146 | 2,083 | 4,040 | 78 | 559 | 550 | 17 |
Outcome data from official records (%) | 70 | 46 | 146 | 59 | 50 | 78 | 59 | 51 | 17 |
Response rate (%) | 97 | 11 | 113 | 96 | 12 | 53 | 100 | 0 | 10 |
Academic publication (%) | 7 | 25 | 146 | 3 | 16 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Notes: Full sample is 144 estimates from 56 studies. Averages are unweighted. Sample sizes vary because of missing data. For multi-region experiments, “regional” unemployment is national. | |||||||||